Did you know there is a direct correlation between your dental health and your overall health? In fact, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, a part of the NIH, concludes that the mouth is a mirror of health and disease. Because of this, the mouth can act as an early warning system for poor health. (1)
Our mouths are filled with bacteria. This includes both harmless and harmful bacteria that cause oral infections, cavities, gum disease and bad breath. But, practicing good oral hygiene routines that include daily brushing, flossing and oil pulling can help to keep the harmful bacteria under control to prevent serious dental problems including periodontal disease and receding gums.
Receding gums are one of the most dramatic signs of gum disease. When bacteria-containing plaque builds up on the gums and teeth, it causes inflammation so severe that it can actually destroy gum tissue. This can lead to the gums pulling away from the teeth, exposing the roots, and the development of small pockets that harbor harmful bacteria.
According to the Mayo Clinic, oral bacteria and inflammation may play a role in diseases including endocarditis, cardiovascular disease, premature birth, rheumatoid arthritis and head and neck cancers. (2) Keeping our teeth and gums healthy must be a priority and — as we age — not only for our dental health, but also for our long-term health.
What Are Receding Gums?
Receding gums are a byproduct of periodontal (gum) disease. Gum disease is an infection of the soft tissue and bone that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the gums pull away from the teeth creating pockets that harbor bacteria, leading to an infection. Then, as our immune system fights the infection, the connective tissue and bones that hold teeth properly begins to break down. Finally, without effective treatment, the gums, connective tissue and teeth are destroyed. (3), (4)
Signs & Symptoms of Receding Gums
In the early stages of gum disease, many people aren’t aware there is a problem. The first signs can be very subtle, such as the occasional blood when brushing teeth and tender spots when chewing. However, as the disease progresses, and the gums start to pull away from the teeth, the following more visible and sensory sensations may appear:
Bad breath that isn’t remedied with teeth brushing or mouthwashes
Swollen gums
Gums that are dark red in color
Gums that bleed when eating, brushing and flossing
Teeth that are sensitive to foods and drinks that are either hot or cold
Teeth that are loose, or move slightly when eating or when touched
Pain or discomfort when chewing
Teeth that appear longer than others in the mouth
Risk Factors
While poor dental hygiene is most often associated with receding gums and periodontal disease, there are some risk factors that increase the probability of developing this painful condition.
Hormonal changes. Women of all ages may notice that gums are more sensitive when going through a hormonal shift. This includes young girls entering puberty may have sensitive gums, as may pregnant women, those who take birth control pills, and women entering the stages of menopause.
Researchers believe that estrogen and progesterone play a role, and, in fact, increased progesterone levels can cause gum disease. As women hit menopause, dry mouth is a common complaint. And, decreased saliva is a leading cause of tooth decay and gum disease. (5)
Diabetes. Diabetics are more prone to infections than the general population. In fact, periodontal disease is a complication of diabetes. Research indicates that gum disease and diabetes often run in tandem; the infections may make it harder to control blood sugar and the infection may increase blood sugar levels. Because of this, it is vital that diabetics practice good oral hygiene to prevent infections as the risk for complications are high. (6)
HIV/AIDS. Individuals with HIV/AIDS are at a significantly greater risk for receding gums as they have limited ability to fight off infections. Like women in menopause, dry mouth is a side effect of many medications and the disease. It can lead to tooth decay, infections and thrush. (7)
Vitamin C Deficiency. One of the most common signs of a vitamin C deficiency is poor oral health, including gums that are swollen, bleeding or inflamed.
Smoking. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking weakens the immune system making it difficult to fight gum infections. And, for smokers who already have receding gums and periodontal disease, smoking makes it difficult for the gums to heal. Tobacco in any form raises your risk. The statistics tell the rest of the story: (8)
Smokers have twice the risk of gum disease than nonsmokers
The longer you smoke, the greater the risk
The more you smoke, the greater the risk
Treatments may not be useful
Genetics. Like many health conditions we face, researchers believe that some people may be genetically predisposed to gum disease. So, for these individuals, prevention is key.
Certain medications. Prescription and over-the-counter medications that cause dry mouth, many oral contraceptives, anti-depressants, and some medications for heart disease, can all cause gum disease.
Bruxism. Teeth grinding, or bruxism, is one of the leading causes of receding gums and periodontal disease. Addressing this condition, while pursuing effective treatments, is the best avenue for relief and healing.
Poor oral hygiene. Individuals who don’t brush their teeth, twice a day, floss or oil pull, have a heightened risk for oral health problems, including gum disease. However, brushing with a stiff toothbrush, or brushing too hard, can also cause gums to recede and lead to further dental problems.